Introduction to Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is one of the ways doing research that involves only looking at the quality and not having any results that are quantifiable. This means that the conclusions that are made from a qualitative research are usually based on the secondary research, that is, other researches and conversations have to say. Qualitative research deals with either going through older researches that have already taken place and then using them as a support for taking interviews and focus groups of people or the target market that the research is looking for. This is the main objective of any qualitative research.â€Å"Qualitative is one of the two major approaches to research methodology in social sciences. Qualitative research involves an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern human behaviour. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research relies on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour. † (Wikipedia, 2007 ) Introduction to the Research The research that has been picked up for criticism is that which was done by a student on the garment industry in the subcontinent. There are a number of problems that are faced in this industry and there is not a lot that if happening from the WTO side.This is what the research carries further. Criticizing a Research Firstly, looking at the introduction of the paper, it does not explain the garment industry completely. The paper begins with a lot of numbers being thrown such as the garment number in the United States of America. Whenever, a research is conducted it is necessary that the researcher ensure that the secondary research be comparable to that of the research that is being conducted. If the research is being conducted about the subcontinent then there is a need that the garment industry of another developing country be analyzed rather than that of a developed country.The researcher must be careful when choosing such secondary data because it could be damaging to the results of the research. Another problem with the research’s introduction is that the explanation is too brief. The introduction is supposed to do a complete overview of the industry at to what the major products are and what are the current problems in this industry. Yet another point is that at this stage, the researcher should have provided some numbers of the subcontinent in a valid format so that the reader would have a better idea of the situation in the garment sector.The researcher is not going with a flow. There is a need to take up a complete flow of the information and ensure that there are no dead ends to the text. The last sentence of the research does not go with the entire introduction and it seems too abrupt and a lot of rephrasing is required. The next section of the research is the introduction of the WTO. According to a reader’s understanding, the introduction of the WTO should have come before that of the garment industry because the WTO would then be relat ed in the introduction of the industry, which has not been done.The introduction of the WTO is not a complete flow of statements but is rather just a list of the events that had occurred for WTO. The researcher should have taken out time to phrase the numbers and the events into statements so that the reader would be able to make sense of the format of the paper. There are a number of abbreviations that have been provided in the research but there is no glossary at the end of the research that explains what each abbreviation means. There are also no definitions of the operational terms that have been used throughout the research.The paper then goes about discussing the problems in the garment industry. There is no flow of the information and there is a lot of abruptness in the paper. Any reader will not understand what the research is about which also leads to another point. Any research always has an executive summary attached in the beginning of the paper so that the reader can ha ve a quick preview of the contents of the paper, also by looking at the table of contents, and understand the matter of the paper, whether it is worth reading or not.This is exactly what this researcher must also have done when he / she must have looked for articles. It is impossible going through the main matter of all the researches that a researcher would include in the secondary data. At first the researcher will look for understanding the article’s overview and then consider it as a source of data. To help guide the reader throughout the research, the researcher should have provided a clear summary of all the terms that are being used in the paper along with a few major points of the research as to what is being evaluated.There is no clear indication of what the research aims to look for. â€Å"Simply put, it investigates the why and how of decision making, as compared to what, where, and when of quantitative research. Hence, the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large random samples. From which, qualitative research categorizes data into patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results. † (Wikipedia, 2007 ) The researcher has then gone into providing recommendations and solutions to the two problems that were identified in the research.The solutions have been described very technically with a lot of understanding and analysis and it seems that the researcher knows what is being talked about. However, there is still some discrepancy on the sentence phrasing. The researcher has concentrated upon the branding side of the garment industry and there are a number of terms that are used here as well. However, there is a need to note that the researcher did not help the reader understand the whole situation first before providing the recommendations. The reader must know what the situation is like and what has currently been done for such industries that are not flourishing.There are a number of problems with the way the research is carrying forward because a reader would be unable to follow the whole idea and analyze it. The researcher has provided a lot of insight into the research such as the different options that are available to the industry to take control of such as branding themselves so that there would be a lesser possibility of competition from the foreign brands that have taken over such as Nike. The suggestions have proved to be quite helpful but then there is the problem of the researcher jumping from one section of the paper to another.There is a lot to provide to the reader and it seems like the researcher was unable to put it in a logical manner. Arranging information in a logical manner is a very important part of research because there is a lot of text that is going about and there is a need to keep the reader on track and help him / her understand every bit of the research. There is a requirement to follow these guidelines so that the research can be deemed helpful and successful and help in future researches on the same topic if there is any.The next thing that the researcher has jumped to is the external analysis of the industry. This should have been done before the whole introduction to the problems because there are a number of readers who would not have an idea of the factors that may affect the garment industry. The same problem occurs when the researcher is talking about the value chain analysis and this is why there could be a lot of problems with the technique that the researcher has used for placing the information. There is a need for the researcher to have a second look at the stream of information being provided.At the end of the paper, there is a description of a store that is currently selling clothes in the subcontinent and has been very successful because it deals with a brand and this is why the company is also facing a lot of brand equity. The conclusion of the paper was not available and hence, there is nothing that could have been drawn from the whole paper that was read. There was also no referencing that was done at the end of the paper. Such a violation would cause plagiarism which is not considered as lawful. References Wikipedia. (2007). Qualitative Method. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Qualitative_method

Compare the ways in which Philip Larkin and Carol Ann Duffy present the theme of death and its implications on life

The concept of death and its implications are explored extensively by Larkin and Duffy, both poets agreeing that the destructive quality of death makes void of all the time and effort we invest in life. Larkin seems to demonstrate a cold fear towards this inevitability by distancing himself from the reality in ‘Ambulances’ and ‘Dockery and Son’, choosing to make resigned but philosophical points on the subject. Duffy, by contrast, invests in a far more emotional approach and suggests how the finality can bring a strange sense of comfort amidst the devastation; this is demonstrated in the poems ‘The Suicide’ and ‘Never Go Back’ where the personas vow to never repeat their deathly experiences again, and, in the case of ‘The Suicide’ in particular, use death as a means to exact revenge. ‘Ambulances’ are described as vehicles that both literally transport the dying, and are the anthropomorphised psychopomps who help establish the transitory stage between life and death. The fairly archaic yet idiomatic verb phrase ‘borne away’ and the use of determining modifiers in ‘any kerb: / All streets’ suggests that death is a ubiquitous and ghostly presence that transcends time and takes life indiscriminately. Thus, Larkin achieves a grave mood and an aloof tone which suggests the easy dissolution of identity and personality in the face of death. Duffy similarly presents the event of death in ‘The Suicide’, but unlike Larkin’s distance, the persona here takes control with the modal auxiliary in ‘I will write’ and demands recognition from their attempted suicide: ‘Famous. The delivery as an emotional dramatic monologue helps serve the speaker’s appeal to victimhood, as they use a bitter and increasingly vindictive tone to justify their heinous sin of ‘despair’. This cry for attention thus suggests the instinctive egoism of humans, much like the bystanders in ‘Ambulancesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ who, despite witnessing a tragedy, ‘whisper at their own distress’. In contrast, death in ‘Dockery and Son’ incites abstract musings on the meaning of life and depicts Larkin’s autobiographical account of attending the memorial service of an old college acquaintance.What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy? The poem is introduced in medias res, ‘Dockery was junior to you..? ’ but the disinterested speaker quickly dissolves into a nostalgic reverie as he explores the fatalistic reality that is often followed after death. The lack of consolation in living is demonstrated when Larkin attempts to revisit his past and ‘tries the door of where I used to live’, but finds it ‘Locked’; the finality in the modifier symbolises how the speaker is unable to return to a past that no longer exists, and thus remains estranged from the familiarity of the past. Never Go Back’ develops on this idea further since it follows the journey of a speaker who revisits her old haunts after the end of her failed marriage. Death, here, is used as an extended metaphor, in contrast with Dockery’s literal death, but this likewise establishes a period of mourning and self-reflection as she is being transported by ‘a taxi implying a herse’. However, the persona suggests there is some consolation in life since she is ‘released’ by the past, the verb carrying connotations of the relief and freedom gained in knowing that the past no longer exists, whereas Larkin’s resignation towards life in sombre lines such as, ‘Whether or not we use it, it goes’, suggests Dockery’s death to be more of a call to take stock of his life and thus suggests it to be the beginning of the end. ‘Ambulances’ invites us to the idea that death is a private experience but this sense of intimacy can be misleading as it opens with the simile ‘closed like confessionals’. The sinister religious connotations suggest how the sudden belief in death has the ability to invoke regret as one realises the significance of their life; the narrator thus suggests that there is a need for secrecy at this personal revelation as he attributes the ambulance with a spectral quality by the dynamic verb ‘thread’, provoking images of the Moirae and their threads of fate, and thus constructing the image of the ‘traffic’ as being the fabricated flow of time. However, the persona reminds us that death is a definite reality as he eerily juxtaposes it against youthful innocence with ‘children strewn on steps or roads’. The verisimilitude of the ordinary urban scene also grants death a recognisable status, but at the same, Larkin demonstrates how death is inscrutable via the symbol of the ambulance: ‘giving back none of the glances they absorb’, presenting the ambulance, and therefore, death as a mystery which provides no answers. Similarly, ‘The Suicide’ provides as an example of how death can be cryptic as the persona presents a gothic scene breathlessly. The irregularly long opening line coupled with the pathetic fallacy in ‘bitter moon’ and ‘smudgy clouds’ conveys the speaker's rambling tone and her disorganised state of mind as she appears to plan her own death. These imagined, celestial characters provide a parallel with her emotional reality through the repeated vowel and consonant sounds in ‘gleam’ and ‘glee’, thus drawing attention to the sandwiched non-sequitur of ‘I dress in a shroud. The deliberate caesurae and the ending rhyme ‘me’ suggests she is preparing for and welcoming her death, a stark contrast with the ‘ambulances’ which ‘come to rest at any kerb’ and are the intruders that disturb the normality of everyday life. The reassuring universality of life is also missing in ‘The Su icide’, as the persona twists images of innocence such as with the modifier in ‘the horrid smiling mouths’, and conveys her contempt, much like the case of betrayal by her loved one. Duffy thus attempts to establish a personal relationship with death which is arguably seen as unnatural, whereas Larkin suggests that it is perfectly acceptable for death to transcend life and for our understanding of it to remain little. Larkin’s ‘Ambulances’ continues its cool narration which helps create an ironic quality to the scene when the speaker suddenly launches into the description of death in the second stanza, all whilst sustaining the organised verse form. Life is seen to quickly dissolve into the image of the ‘wild white face atop red stretcher blankets’, the elongated effect of the alliteration serving as the only definite point of transition. Otherwise, the face isn’t given any attention as ‘it is carried in and stowed’, the pronoun ‘it’ dehumanising the person and the use of verbs which carry connotations of luggage also demonstrates how our bodies are only perceived as vessels for our souls, and that without them, we are powerless. The witnesses, ie the children and women, show to have realised this reality. The epiphany delivered slowly in ‘And sense the solving emptiness’ uses the present continuous to suggest that this experience is universal, but the delivery in gentle sibilance conveys the hushed voice of the speaker as he establishes the event as a quiet memento mori. The obscurity thus suggests the unwillingness of facing the realisation that everything is pointless in the face of death. This is further demonstrated by the polysyndetic listing of ‘so blank and whole and true’, each adjective stressed as the persona makes an effort to capture the moment of realisation before it is lost. Paradoxically, these fatalistic descriptions also carry a sense of nihilism and indifference as Larkin here chillingly injects realism into the scene when he remind us of how we lose our humanity in death. Power and identity are also recurring ideas in ‘The Suicide’ as Duffy’s persona realises that death is a means of achieving recognition and establishing control when she feels trapped and isolated by life. This is denoted by the speaker declaring ‘my body is a blank page I will write on’; the modal verb ‘will’ and the monosyllabic lexis conveys the persona’s certain tone as she describes how her romantic notion of death will leave a clear message for the intended left behind. Similarly, Larkin also shows how death can leave revelations for those left behind, except Duffy here provides a specific example with the possessive determiner in ‘my body’. The use of the personal perspective conveys the speaker's isolation which is reiterated by the repeated syntactical structure of ‘Nobody’; this suggests her lack of recognition in life and how the preservation of it, ‘eyes in the glass like squids’, is deemed unnatural which is mirrored by the sardonic ‘Sexy’ that summarises the simile. By comparison, both poets indicate that death is a natural state due to the futility in living except Larkin suggests that this is a sudden realisation whereas Duffy demonstrates how the drawn-out angst of death is felt on the condition of being alive. The outer enclosed rhymes that contains the intertwining rhymes in ‘Ambulances’, such as the passive-sounding ‘air’ and ‘there’, captures Larkin’s conclusion of how death is the inevitable fate that overshadows our lives. The harsh sibilance in ‘the sudden shut of loss’ conveys the finality of the end but this ending remains dynamic, as the assonance invokes the sighing sound of the narrator as his summary of life, ‘unique blend of families and fashions’ is chased into the final verse where it is unravelled, the dynamism evoking the sense of continuity of time. The noun phrase ‘exchange of love’ denotes how life is a contractual obligation but is only temporary as the endgame is ‘to lie unreachable inside a room’ which connotes the undeniable loneliness in death. However, Larkin persists in remaining vague as he describes death with the euphemism ‘what is left to come’, thus establishing how death remains as an unspoken truth in society. Similarly, Duffy shows how the concept of death governs people in ‘The Suicide’ where the persona’s increasingly vindictive mood culminates into unrepentantly spitting out imperatives to the readers: ‘Fuck off. Worship. ’ The speaker here shows an awareness of the readers’ voyeurism who are compelled to follow her path to self-destruction and watch her play god as she ‘lies under the lightbulb’, literally suggesting the exposure to truth and figuratively conveying a sensual submission to her ‘lightbulb’ moment of self-inflicted death. However, we see the persona’s captivation is to the point of delusion. The dismissive tone and metaphor for life in ‘Who wants / a bloody valentine pumping its love hate love? offset by the deviantly collocated ‘bloody’ alongside the iambic dimeter, attributes the sound of two heartbeats to her confused valentine’s ‘love hate love’. Duffy thus suggests that reflecting over the fragility of life can drive a person to madness and, as Larkin suggests, there is a conservative view that promotes the secrecy of death, indicating how people fearfully deny death in their lives due to its ability to ex pose human frailty which may be seen as an uncomfortable consequence of death. Structurally, Duffy's haphazardly contained verses and the speaker's punning cliches such as ‘I take out the knives’ create a more heartfelt cognisance of death as something looked for and desirable, whereas Larkin’s standardised verses convey his reliable but frigid outlook on the subject. ‘Ambulances’ indicates that death is a passive presence; the echoing alliteration in ‘dulls to distance all we are’ and the collective pronoun ‘we’ concluded that death is the unavoidable fate universal to all of us and, that in death, we are all equal. Likewise, ‘The Suicide’ reflects how death can leave a resounding impact except, specifically, death’s legacy can be a notoriety caused by the decision to unnaturally decide your own death, instead of letting it take you, as suggested in ‘Ambulances’. The shocking irony in ‘This will kill my folks’ thus suggests how death can become an act act of spite when we wilfully plot our own demise instead of allowing death to take its own course. Larkin’s ‘Dockery and Son’ suggests there is a sense of tediousness in death rituals as the persona abruptly cuts off the Dean in the opening lines of the poem with a heavy caesura. Instead, he teases the readers with reminisces of ‘our version’ of the mischief he took part in with friends in the past. This emotional detachment from his old acquaintance’s death is defended by the transitive modifier ‘visitant’, proposing his apathy is appropriate with the neologism ‘death-suited’. This avoidance of the death is further demonstrated by focusing on the comforting familiarity of the surroundings: ‘A known bell chimes’. However, this comfort remains unreachable, announced by the speaker with the modifier ‘Locked’ as he revisits his old halls of residence. The polysyndeton in ‘Canal and clouds and colleges subside slowly from view’ support the adverb ‘slowly’ as Larkin illustrates this gradual passing of time and how the illusion can make one forget that life is limited, the persona thus showing how the event of death can provoke us to want to revisit the past. In ‘Never Go Back’, the speaker similarly explores the relationship between time and death, except here, death is used as a metaphor to describe loss as time itself is personified ‘left pining till it died’. Duffy thus suggests the human desire to enjoy more of life before death takes us, whereas Larkin’s numerical references to time ‘’43’, ‘twenty-one’ quantifies life and suggests a more practical view on the finiteness of time. The persona likewise revisits the past after the end of her marriage, as the narrative begins with the familiar scene of ‘where the living dead drink all day’, the oxymoron ‘living dead’ indicating how people live unfulfilled lives while the hard alliteration delivers a heavy droning sound that lends a mechanical quality to the scene. This conveys a sense of disillusionment with the social activities she used to enjoy, in contrast with ‘Dockery and Son’, where the speaker recalls the past with nostalgic reverence as he anecdotally reveals how Dockery used to share ‘rooms with Cartwright who was killed’. Both poets therefore demonstrate how death and loss can trigger retrospections of the past, Duffy arguing for the case of pain and abandonment in loss with the image of ‘a limping dog’, whereas Larkin avoids such sentiments with the trailing ellipsis in ‘How much . . How little . . . ’, the unfinished thoughts enacting Duffy’s convincing view on how the best emotional response to death is to ‘never go back. ’ The persona in ‘Dockery and Son’ begins to show an awareness of how life is ultimately a journey towards the final destination of death. The train station used symbolically as ‘the joining and parting lines’ simil arly imply the different crossroads existing in life and how companionship allows our roads to briefly overlap. However, the antithesis of the nouns ‘numbness’ and ‘shock’ suggests there is a sense of confusion when the speaker draws comparisons between Dockery’s accomplishments and his own, and ponders on the moment he strayed ‘widely from the others’. Therefore, the syndetic list of repeated negatives ‘no son, no wife, no house or land’ should depict the speaker’s failure of attaining any adult achievement, yet the nonchalance in ‘still seemed quite natural’ suggests that Larkin hadn't quite moved on from his time in university, the adverb ‘still’ indicating the speaker's struggle to come to terms with ageing and the flow of time. There is thus a sense of dread when Larkin contemplates the ‘strong unhindered moon’; the pathetic fallacy suggests the feebleness in differentiating our individual lifelines since we are all doomed to the ‘only end of age’, the adverb ‘only’ stressing the absoluteness and lack of choice in death. Duffy’s ‘Never Go Back’ also demonstrates an emotional resignation to the choices made as ‘the house’, which personifies the past, ‘prefers to be left alone’ amidst the overwhelming images of death; the verb ‘prefers’ suggests it has no intention of recovering from the metaphorical ‘cancer’ which spoils the glowing memory of it being ‘where you were one of the brides’. The house instead reprimands the persona with ‘You shouldn't be here’, the negative modal verb ‘shouldn't’ warning against the attempt to reconcile with the past. The speaker is thus unable to bitterly ruminate the past and abstains from comparing her life to others, ie her ex-husband, alternatively, allowing ‘objects’ (which pertain to the past) to symbolise life itself, and demonstrates how they can symbolically ‘fill a room with pain’ after the end of their use. This passiveness of the persona is also missing in ‘Dockery and Son’, where Larkin intentionally uses Dockery’s death as a means to appraise the value of his own life. Rather, the use of the second person narrative in ‘Never Go Back’ becomes increasingly significant as the speaker captures the suffocating quality of death, recreating the past through syntactic parallelism in ‘all the lies . . . and all the cries’, and the soft assonance in the pictorial image of ‘draw your loved body in blurred air’ conveying this ghostly effect as Duffy places the readers in closer proximity to death. Comparatively using the first person perspective, the speaker in ‘Dockery and Son’ is more prone to deviate from Dockery's unfortunate death and instead focuses on the bleakness of the mundane: ‘And ate an awful pie’. Therefore, both poets present life as a journey that is met with death, yet Larkin demonstrates how death can be used comparatively when we realise our own expiration date and consider the wider meaning of our lives, whereas Duffy indicates how grief can distort the past and how this can, in effect, emotionally paralyse a person. ‘Dockery and Son’ begins with a simplistic but regular alternating rhyme scheme which suits Larkin’s familiarity with his alma mater. The steady fall of sounds such as ‘give’ and ‘live’ capture the persona’s feelings of bittersweet nostalgia but this gradually evolves until the final syntactical structure of ABBCADDC, which creates the suitably dense texture demanded, as Larkin moves from describing his literal surroundings to attributing philosophical thoughts to death’s rendition of life. The speaker derogatorily muses that our acquisitions aren't as valuable as society's ‘innate assumptions’ perceive them to be, since they are superficially denounced as a ‘style’ that tragically ‘harden into all we’ve got’. There is thus a sense of futility in life inspired by the news of a young man’s death, as Larkin concludes that even our choices are obscurely decided by ‘something hidden from us chose’, the vague pronoun ‘something’ suggesting how the workings of life is beyond our comprehension while death remains a certainty that levels everyone in due time. ‘Never Go Back’ similarly concludes with the idea that life is governed by a mysterious entity, except here, it is explicitly denoted as greed and human desire. The crude images of the ‘sly sums of money’ and ‘a drenched whore’ connote a sense of the decay and degression found in society’s apparent hedonism. This enables death to run in parallel with life, as even the associated taxi driver is described by the cliche ‘looks like death’. Ironically, the speaker demonstrates how this illusion of life, and its false evolution, allows possibilities to remain open; the hollow sounds in the pronoun ‘nowhere’ and neologism ‘nowhen’ dissolves the significance of time and space, and instead grants importance to the present by the homely image of ‘the fires and lights come on wherever you live’. By comparison, Larkin suggests a sense of entrapment by the facade as ‘what we think truest . . . warp tight-shut’; the harsh syllables in the modifier ‘tight-shut’ elicit a sense of urgency as the speaker realises he is running out of time to achieve what he wishes, yet the possibilities remain cut off in ‘Dockery and Son’ due to the speaker’s acute awareness of death. In conclusion, Larkin and Duffy both demonstrate the omnipresence of death in our lives. Larkin uses his unassuming observations to describe death as an inescapable component of everyday life, thus suggesting that his point of enlightenment in ‘Dockery and Son’ marks too as a pessimistic beginning of the end. Duffy chooses to manifest death in everyday components of life, normalising death, and instead, offers the view in ‘Never Go Back’ that death provides a chance to understand that the past is gone, and also as a catalyst for hopeful beginnings. However, despite these contrarian views, both poets agree that death remains the undeniable ending to our lives

Candide Essay

Some might say Voltaire portrays women as objects of desire and is capitalizing on the subject but to get his point across using satire, some people will have to get offended. In Candide, Voltaire is critiquing and satirizing sexism. An example of how sexism and rape were satirized and critiqued in chapter 11 on pg 40 â€Å"I was beauty and grace itself, and I was a virgin. I was not so for long; that flower that had been reserved for the handsome Prince of Massa-Carrara was ravished from me by the pirate captain. Indeed My Lady the Princess of Palastrina and I had to be very strong to endure all we underwent until we arrived in Morocco. But let’s get on; these things are so common that they are not worth speaking of. † Rape is a very sensitive subject. The old woman talked about the incident in a nonchalant tone and said that it was so common that it was not worth talking about. Voltaire did this to satirize what were becoming society’s â€Å"normal† views on such brutal acts. He was letting us know that rape was such a frequent thing in the time period in which he lived, that it was being viewed by society as â€Å"normal â€Å". In order to understand the book properly, it is important to recognize that Voltaire was attempting to portray the problems within society such as sexism, by using satire to help the people this era realize what they were doing was wrong. Candide Essay Some might say Voltaire portrays women as objects of desire and is capitalizing on the subject but to get his point across using satire, some people will have to get offended. In Candide, Voltaire is critiquing and satirizing sexism. An example of how sexism and rape were satirized and critiqued in chapter 11 on pg 40 â€Å"I was beauty and grace itself, and I was a virgin. I was not so for long; that flower that had been reserved for the handsome Prince of Massa-Carrara was ravished from me by the pirate captain. Indeed My Lady the Princess of Palastrina and I had to be very strong to endure all we underwent until we arrived in Morocco. But let’s get on; these things are so common that they are not worth speaking of. † Rape is a very sensitive subject. The old woman talked about the incident in a nonchalant tone and said that it was so common that it was not worth talking about. Voltaire did this to satirize what were becoming society’s â€Å"normal† views on such brutal acts. He was letting us know that rape was such a frequent thing in the time period in which he lived, that it was being viewed by society as â€Å"normal â€Å". In order to understand the book properly, it is important to recognize that Voltaire was attempting to portray the problems within society such as sexism, by using satire to help the people this era realize what they were doing was wrong.

Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sigmund Freud - Essay Example Freud compared religious practice with neurosis as it related to the unconscious forces of guilt through repetitive behavior. (Kessler, 2007, p.149)When discussing religious mysticism and the unity experience, Freud believed that the deep unconscious patterns of the womb experience and infancy were the basis of this manifestation in religion. (Kessler, 2007, p.148) Along with this, Freud viewed desire / satisfaction, feelings of security / insecurity, and the need to be accepted or loved as related to childhood patterns of family relationship. These also form the basis of the need for religion in the individual. Freud believed that the Oedipal complex was itself a universal pattern that was reflected in religious belief. He felt fundamentally that religion was an illusion, like a neurosis, and used historically for the repression of instincts. As human societies become more developed and educated, he believed, religion would increasingly be replaced by a rational and secular society where sin was redefined and guilt was not repressed. Thus, modern, cosmopolitan liberal culture and the sexual development of Western culture that has occurred since the 1920’s are an example of what Freud believed would occur when religious beliefs on the repression of basic instincts and desires were lifted by society through secularism. Carl Jung believed that Freud was too narrow in interpreting the Oedipal as universal and in basing all religious instincts on the unconscious behavior patterns of childhood. His work posited the â€Å"collective unconscious† and psychological archetypes that formed a type of deep human identity relationship with the universe and manifested through religious mythology and dream symbolism similarly. (Kessler, 2007, p.149) According to Jung, the way that the individual conceived the self and God or ultimate reality represented a gap that was to be bridged by the spiritual path or the process of self-realization. Thus, if the individual viewed the religious path as a means of self-expression of the Self’s highest values, it would be a valuable and healthy aspect of self-development, and not neurosis as Freud posited. Some claim that each psychologist’s writings reflected a cultural bias from their social position. Freud’s family was Jewish growing up in the pre-Nazi era in Austria (Vienna), while Jung was a Protestant German in the same period who relocated to Switzerland during the pre-war era. Jung was highly influenced by the German alchemical tradition, and he uses psychology as a basis to reformulate this religious philosophy into a theory of higher self-realization, while Freud’s own Oedipal complex may have been dominant and thus related to him as positing it as a cosmological principal. Similarly, Freud and Jung’s views on religions can be seen as describing their own highest Self and value systems, and based on their own understanding of the individual in relation to soc iety which is also projected subjectively into the theory. 3. A theodicy is a theological or religious justification for the existence or appearance of evil in the world. (Kessler, 2007, p.161) As Kessler states, this is the simplest definition, for on one hand evil can be defined in all manner of ways as intentional pain, suffering, violence, death, destruction, cruelty, etc. but a theodicy is generally used to reconcile these perceptions of reality with a conception of God that is pure, true, the sum of the good, and all-loving. The practical experience of an individual living in the world contradicts the ideal of a perfect, loving God generally unless it is mediated with a theodicy. The karma philosophy in Buddhism and Hinduism posits a

Creation and Science (Christianity) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creation and Science (Christianity) - Essay Example This evolution theory by Charles Darwin has gained popularity among scholars over the years. Other theories proposed by science over the origin and existence of the universe include the big bang theory and the passing star theory. Creationism faces a lot of opposition socially and politically. Majority of the schools hardly include it in their learning. Evolutionism has a lot of favor, and it is being taught in schools. This is what made the proposed theory of intelligent design face a lot of criticism. The intelligent design theory argues that the universe and its inhabitants are too complex in structure and design to exist as a mere product of evolution (Davis et al 36-61). It proposes that the universe and creatures in it is an intelligent product of an intelligent designer. Both science and religion hold strong views on the existence of life and the universe. It is, however, possible for the conflict between the two to end as concepts and theories of science and religion can be compatible. Scholars do not necessarily need to choose one over the other, but rather appreciate both views as each one complements and enriches the other in a number of

Law Tort Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law Tort - Case Study Example Keown also suffered from changes in the brain that led him to be convicted of several sexual offences later in his life. The claimant stated that as the premises had no suggestion that the fire escape was fragile, the claimant suffered his injuries because of the poor state of the premises. The NHS Trust which owned the property pointed out that Mr. Keown could be treated as a trespasser when he climbed the fire escape. Considering the danger of the state of the premises, the Trust was asked to pay a third of the damages to the claimant and the Trust appealed. The Trust placed their defence that the fire escape was not by itself dangerous and Justice Lewinson ruled that there was no reason of any danger due to the state of the premises and thus the claimant's appeal failed. The relevant cases which were cited in order to provide a judgment on this case include Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd [2003] QB 1008, [2003] EWCA Civ 231 in which a young adult had dived into Folkestone harbour after midnight in mid-winter and struck his head on an underwater pile. The court ruled that there are some features within certain premises that are not inherently dangerous but which may tempt a person on the land to indulge in an activity which carries a risk of injury. In this case for Kweon, although the premises were not dangerous, his own actions seem to have caused him personal injury.

Principles of logisties management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of logisties management - Article Example Besides the support of market information, business planning, financing, marketing, and many more, one of the most important services that DKSH provides is the logistics and warehousing (1DKSH, n.d.). However, the article intends to reveal the current order processing, the mode of controlling inventories and the use of ICT. Moreover, some of the recommendations are also being sighted, so that DKSH would be more effective and efficient in its logistics service. Finally, a conclusion is also being drawn. The current order processing of any logistics organisation in the present world scenario faces multiple challenges. DKSH one of the leading outsourcing organisation in the world, which provides logistics services to various entities still could not avoid such challenges. DKSH has over 180 centres that distribute goods in a wide variety of over 3, 00,000 products and serving more than 5, 00,000 consumers through representing more than 5,500 suppliers. Moreover, they have their own warehousing and the facility of third part logistics. It is also been constantly searching for the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that would improve their efficiency and effectiveness. Further, it has GMP-compliant healthcare centre, which is of the state of the art and is of a whooping number of 18 (2DKSH, n.d.; 5DKSH, n.d.). However, there are numbers of issues that are required to be considered by DKSH with regards to logistics. One of them is regarding the numerous categories of products, which gives a good challenge for the proper order processing of those goods. Moreover, high protection requirement to some of the vulnerable goods that might get damaged due to environmental risk during the order processing flow. Further, with the onset of globalisation, the logistics market has become very competitive and challenging. Furthermore, the demand for some of the products are also seasonal based. Thus, the uniformity of the service requirement may not be present throughout the year. In

Leadership and its views in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and its views in football - Essay Example Starting from the developing a team, training, developing strategies, executing those in the field all depends on the manager. Thus, success or failure of the team also considered as the responsibility of the manager. According to the report of Barnes (2013), in the EPL (English premier league), the role of the manager is very important. Being considered as the toughest and most competitive football league of the world, team managers play an important role in the success or failure of the team. Signing new footballer, coaching them, developing team strategies-all depends on the manager. In his review, he cited the example of Paolo Di Canio-manager of the Sunderland football club. According to the report of British media, his enthusiasm was the key behind the success of the Sunderland football club, as they were able to retain their position in the premier league after a horrible start. In his report he pointed out the fact that it is not necessary that only the change in managers bri ngs about the good result. It is nothing to do with the change but it is a trend of event which may happen no matter whether club has change the manager or not. In his word, changing manager may give good result for a game or two, in short for a shorter period of time, but that does not means it will give continuous good result. According to his view, â€Å"it s a misleading statistic because not changing the manager would have had the same result†. He cited the example of Aston Villa in the EPL, where they also have facing the threat of relegation like Sunderland, but they did not change their manager. The result of the first 5 games of Sunderland after changing manager and Aston Villa without changing the manager was same: 2 wins, 1... The essay goes though 5 different phases of an employmet cycles. These are recruitment/selection, induction, managing the performance, controlling different level of performance and workforce planning/role or job analysis-job redesign. Being a manger one has to look up to all these parameters and control the performance of his or her team members. At the end, manager has to carry the responsibility of both success or failure of the team as he or she is the leader of the group. (p.4). Being the leader of the group or the team, managers have the responsibility of both success and failures. In any organization or any sports managers have a key role to play.b Thus, success or failure of the team also considered as the responsibility of the manager. Then, we see the issues in the essay. There are several causes and consequences associated with the dismissal of the manager. All across the globe, the performance of any team is the only parameter by which any manager’s work is being r eviewed. Same is applicable for any organization also. Being the manager of the group or at the top of the organization performance is the only parameter. In conclusion, we get more information on the football manager's profession. According to the review of Markham (2012), in the game of football managers used to get sacked or fired due to 3 main reasons. These are: 1) Poor on-field performance. 2) Breakdown in relations with club directors/owners and 3) Increasing pressure from the supporters and media for delivering better result.

To what extent has a Human Rights Act transformed the protection of Essay

To what extent has a Human Rights Act transformed the protection of the idividual rights in the UK - Essay Example The European Convention on Human Rights which was formed in the year 1950 has been an international agreement, which has kept the UK bound by the ECHR. The UK adopted and integrated the ECHR in its national legislation, and operates in compliance with the provisions of the ECHR. As such, the ECHR protects the fundamental civil and political rights of all citizens of the European Union1. The UK enacted the Human Rights Act in the year 2000 and adapted the provisions of the ECHR in it. The courts in the UK have to respect the human rights laid down by the act. In the absence of a written constitution, the Human Rights Act protects the fundamental rights and civil liberties. The underlying objective of this Act is to comply with the rights provided by the ECHR, wherever possible. Therefore, the Human Rights Act strengthens the scope of the ECHR rights. The Human Rights Act strives hard to protect the fundamental rights of all citizens of the UK. The act ensures that an individual’s rights do not interfere with the rights of other individuals. On the other hand, the interests of the community should be treated as a whole. The ECHR also considered this aspect while drafting the Convention rights. Articles 8 to 11 of the ECHR provide that the community’s interests are protected. The first part of these Articles established the rights and the second part dea ls with the limitations of these rights2. The English courts have to follow the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and interpret them in the cases coming before them. The Human Rights Act ensures that the Parliament invariably takes into account, while proposing legislation, that balance is maintained between individual’s rights and the interests of the community. Furthermore, the Human Rights Act also requires the English courts to comply with the legislation enacted by Parliament. It permits the High Courts or the Supreme Court to disallow any law that is in

Global operation and supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global operation and supply chain - Essay Example nventory can be referred to as the quantity of goods and materials on hand.   A stock includes finished products, goods undergoing production process, and raw materials. The main purpose of inventory management is to keep enough inventories to meet customer demand, maintain independence of operations, allow flexibility in product scheduling and be cost effective (Allen, 2008: 881).   Inventory management usually ensure the availability of raw materials in sufficient quality and quantity, thus it is of great importance to have a proper control and management inventory (Axs.ater, 2010: 1329). Inventory management is necessary as it prevents leakage, deterioration, spoilage and wastage of materials. Its aim is to improve material handling, saving in material cost, increase production and large profits (Allen, 2008: 883). First-In, First-Out method: this is a method of valuing the cost of goods sold that uses the cost of the oldest items in inventory first.   This is based on the assumption that goods that are sold or used first are those goods that are bought first (Axs.ater, 2010: 1330).   Last-In, First-Out method: This is an inventory valuing method that assumes that the last items placed in inventory are the first sold.   Therefore, when the Last in First Out method is applied, the year-end inventory consists of the goods placed in inventory at the beginning of the year, rather than at the end.   During inflation, when prices are rising, this method yields a lower ending inventory, lower gross profit, higher cost of goods sold and a lower taxable income (Anderson and Narus, 2011: 99).   This method is preferred because it reduces a company’s taxes and increases cash flow. Specific Identification method: this is the simplest method of valuing inventories.   The sale of inventory requires the inventory account to be credited or reduced, and cost of goods sold should be debited or increased for the amount paid for each inventory item.   This method works

Human society Essay Example for Free

Human society Essay Human society, as we know it, is becoming lazy and antisocial. Its pretty much useless to deny it. Compare us to fifty years ago, and you will find weve let ourselves go. Compare us to a hundred years ago, and youll realize weve morphed into beanbags with brains. In the 1890s they got by fine without even using cars. Or credit cards, for that matter. Of course, they couldnt show skin at the beach, but thats another matter. Take the Segway scooter for instance. For those of you not in the know, its a slow, ugly, two-wheeled, battery-powered (ooh ahh), upside-down coffee table, with some junk in it that makes it impossible to fall off of (in case all that standing gets the best of you). It was designed for city use (like that god awful 1/8 mile from your work to the doughnut shop), and has no other practical use except possibly as a coat hanger/umbrella rack. 45 klicks, top. Can run about 200 kilometers on a battery. Offers little or no protection against cars, which is a moot point because its nowhere close to being street legal. All you have to do is stand. In other words, its a big wheelchair for the able where you dont have to move your arms, legs, or even eyelids for that matter. Makes walking obsolete. Pretty lame invention for 5000 bucks a pop, huh? Here comes the scary part. This Yuppie-Mobile is being hailed as something that will revolutionize the way we travel. Scientists are calling it an engineering masterpiece. The website is taking advance orders because the things are going quicker than they can make them. And very few of these people are actually in need of these services. No, friends, its pure laziness. Next on the chopping block those insta-gas keys at gas stations. Such a stupid idea makes the Segway Scooter look like Edisons light bulb. Im sure you know what Im talking about, but if you dont heres a run-down: For a small fee (your soul), you can get a little key-type deal with a gas station logo on it mailed to you (along with about a million pieces of junk mail). Although they look like toddler toys, they actually hold a lot of fat-gaining power for the modern lazy yuppie. Imagine, if you will, life before the Key. Imagine the horror of actually having to labour out of your heated SUV and talking to a low-life gas pump. Imagine social interaction. Imagine returning to find your (instant) coffee slightly less warm. Before the Key, all of these things were, in all their horror, a reality. Now, you can just beep the key in front of the reader, pump your gas, and get a friendly greeting from the meter such as have a nice day. Nothing puts you in a good mood like being complimented by an LCD screen. The gas is charged to the credit card or other easy pay billings system. Again, these mechanisms have alarming popularity. Shell introduced them to their gas stations about a year and a half ago, and now you would be hard-pressed to find a gas station that doesnt have some form of instant-payment tool. Even the mom and pop stations are getting in on the fad. Only theirs involves paying 25 dollars for a rock, and proceeding to throw it at the pump when the gas is pumped. Gas pump deaths are at an all-time high. Just kidding, kids. Perhaps the most disgusting example of lethargy comes from the same people who bring you Enforma Diet Pills (for those too `busy to diet. Damn slobs). I am talking about none other than the queen of the late-night infomercials, the talk of the trailer park, the (drum roll please) AbTronic. This is their angle: The AbTronic(TM) is so effortless that you can be watching your favourite television program, reading a book or even cooking dinner while getting your body into the shape you want it[1][1]. Pathetic. Absolutely pathetic. I cant even begin to tell you whats wrong with this one. You apparently dont even need to go to a gym anymore to get `rock-hard abs. Sure, youll be porky in other places, but your abdominal muscles will be `rock-hard. And ab muscles are enough for the modern ultra-lazy consumer. Who cares that this device has uncertain long-term effects? Who cares if it doesnt work half as well as ordinary sit-ups[2][2]? Who cares? Its easy, its expensive, and thats good enough for the average American consumer. The scary thing is, unlike most infomercial products, the demographic this product is reaching extends far beyond the crackhouses and backwoods. American teens from all walks of life are throwing out their gym memberships for a shot at insta-abs. The decline of civilization at its lowest. Of course, I could be wrong. Maybe these innovations are for the better. Who knows what can be accomplished with the increased amounts of free time? Maybe the time saved by these devices could be put towards creating world peace. Or forming a perfect system of government. Or inventing life saving devices. Yeah right. _______________________ [3][1] Store.yahoo.com/wonderfullbuys/abtronic.html . The wonderfullbuys site is actually a haven of lazy-person tools. If this kind of stuff floats your boat, I recommend it. [4][2] [5]www.streetcents.cbc.ca. Great consumer review site. [image001.jpg] The Segway: Motorized Stupidity [image002.jpg] The AbTronic: The Pinnacle of human idiocy References Visible links 1. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_edn1 2. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_edn2 3. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_ednref1 4. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_ednref2 5. http://www.streetcents.cbc.ca/ Hidden links: 6. http://www.coursework.info/

Single-Sex School and Co-Ed School Essay Example for Free

Single-Sex School and Co-Ed School Essay The education systems nowadays are made up of organizations ranging from kindergartens, general education schools, single-sex schools and co-ed schools to universities. This structure is designed to formulate people’s knowledge one step at a time according to their levels. School is one of the most important stages of educational system in our lives where we are trained to absorb basic knowledge and prepare for our future. Often times, schools are divided into single-sex schools, where only boys or girls study, and co-ed schools, where boys and girls study together. This choice demands that parents choose between co-ed school and single-sex school and decide what would be better for their children. This essay will compare and contrast these two forms of educational approaches to determine that co-educational school is better than single-sex school and is the most practical form of schooling. Co-education schools have a diversity of students from different economic and gender backgrounds. It is an efficient way of schooling for poorer countries that do not have the capital to build single-sex schools. Therefore, the biggest advantage of co-ed school is that there will be no need to open separate schools exclusively for boys or girls, because both boys and girls can study in same schools and they can be taught by the same staff. From childhood we know that kids like to play with each other and it is not depend on gender that is why friendships develop in natural way. From sociological point of view same thing happens in co-ed school. Pupils meet each other and have to be together in the society and if they will be studying together from the very beginning, they can understand well each other. As girls and boys become teenagers they participate in many activities, develop new societies and clubs in school where they are taking part in pleasant and friendly environment. This friendly atmosphere continues in the classroom, which allows them to share and express their point of view easily. In co-ed school boys and girls will be trained to take place in the community and how to behave with not just people of the same gender by also the other gender. For instance, if they will start working for international company where both genders are working together it would be easier for them to communicate with others, because they will know how to behave themselves. This experience will break their insufficient perceptions of each gender and will provide great social and personal development of relationships in later life. Another important point of co-education is that this type of school is very successful in challenging of sexist attitudes. In order to prove this we should answer on question â€Å"what do we know about sexism and how the single-sex or co-educational gender grouping of schools affects the occurrence, form, and severity of sexism in the classroom? † Sexism is an analogue to racism means a fundamental and pervasive institutionalized bias on the basis of sex, with discrimination usually directed against women. The rationale for sexism is the biological difference between males and females that dictates differential social roles, status, and norms (Lee, Marks, Byrd, 1994, pp. 2). In the past it meant that female had weak role in the society and males were powerful gender, which is always on the top. And this was the main purpose of development of single-sex schools. But nowadays women achieved equality in the society. As men they can work, build, manage, lead, guide or in other words do all things that men can do in the society. Sexism almost eradicated from our society and it is important point, and that is why co-ed school is very successful in challenging of sexist attitudes. For instance, there are many subjects that provide many discussions and debates in class and it is very important and useful for boys and girls. Because they learn that equality does not require similarity, and they know that they have equal rights and freedom of speech. It means that collaboration between boys and girls in the classroom helps them to develop confidence; they feel comfortable to share their ideas and opinions in any situation in the presence of opposite sex. Co-education improves pupils’ confidence to interact with opposite gender. Moreover, co-education creates a sense of healthy competition between both genders, because they need to work hard and pay serious attention to their studies. Also, co-educated pupils have strong friendship and respect to each other. For example, boys are trying to behave themselves very polite in company of girls. Moreover, they are trying not use rough and abusive language in presence of girls. Similarly, the girls are trying to dress properly and talk in a good manner, because they need good relationship with the boys if they are studying together. On the other hand if boys and girls are studying in separate schools, boys misbehave with the girls, because they are always having a curiosity to know about them. But when they study together, their curiosity is satisfied more easily and they do not consider girls as strange creatures or taboo. Despite the fact that co-ed schools are more modern and are similar with the current environment of the workplace, where boys and girls study together, some conservative people criticize co-education system. According to them, this system is against their tradition, because from ancient times they fear that co-education will help develop immoral relationships between boys and girls. They believe that in this system both the boys and girls will be spoilt. This was represented as the main possible disadvantage of co-education schools. Moreover, there was an experiment where boys and girls were studying in separate classes. And more of co-educational schools showed interest in segregating lessons. Academics and teachers have found that both genders have better concentration on core subjects and they are less distracted by opposite sex. The main idea is that separating boys and girls is not a cure for disruptive classrooms, but under the right conditions it can help to raise academic standards in schools. Despite of the fact that girls have better achievements than boys, they can also benefit from single-sex classes because they sometimes allowed them to perform without worrying about their image in front of girls. On the other hand there can be some problems in separating classes, because there is a need to avoid an intimidating atmosphere for other boys, who can be generated among all-boys’ classes, and to be alert to the dangers of generating a homophobic environment. In addition, there is also a need to beware of girls becoming aggressive towards each other. So, there are some risks of single-sex classrooms and schools. On the other hand, single-sex education is an old education system where boys and girls study in separate classrooms or schools. Some educational researchers have identified single-sex education as a way of facilitating a special educational experience for all students. Single-sex education refers to the education of students in an environment that consists of a single gender, either all-male or all-female environments (NASSPE, 2008). Not so long ago single-sex classes in co-educational schools were considered to be an appropriate educative aspect of K–12 learning environments (Pollard, 1999). In late 60s and early 70s in United States girls and boys were separated from each other on a single-sex basis. For example, in many schools in country classes were separated by gender where girls attended economics classes while boys attended agriculture classes and it was required for all pupils or students. The main purpose of creating single-sex classes was physical education and sex education of boys and girls. In other words, boys and girls was separated because of assumptions about their physical abilities and characteristics, their social and personal functioning, or beliefs held by adults regarding appropriate interaction among or between the sexes (Pollard, 1999). Moreover, some single-sex classes were created in order to exclude girls from some activities that were based on gender stereotypes that were not appropriate for them. According to Smith and Wilhelm, in general boys achieve lower grades than girls while girls are demonstrating higher performance. In general, girls are in particular benefiting from a single-sex education, but the authors just suggesting this idea. From my point of view, girls just do not shy or worry how will they perform in presence of boys and vise versa. Interestingly, many researches show that they participate in class more than boys, develop much higher confidence, have higher grades, and are more likely to choose ‘male’ disciplines such as science, math, etc. Moreover, they are more successful in their careers. That is why the majority of single-sex schools nowadays are for girls. The gender equality development around the world seems to pose a mixed attitude toward the single-sex schools. On one hand, single-sex schools appear to be against this wave in that they treat the two genders differently and cultivate the sexist view in people’s minds from when they are young. In this respect, single-sex system seems to be something attached to the obsolete past in human history and does not fit the modern world in every way. But on the other hand, compared with single-sex system, the co-ed system is possibly contributing to sexist views, too. Some people argue that in a co-ed system, boys and girls are exposed much more to the differences in their own characteristics and because girls mature earlier than boys, boys might find the learning environment inappropriately challenging and even depressing during this stage. Another advantage of single-sex schools is that teachers know better about their students’ characteristics and thus can modify their teaching methods to meet the needs required by the differences in the two genders, whereas in co-ed schools, girls and boys are forced to learn and be appraised in exactly same ways which might not be proper. This should sound a legitimate argument to people who accept that there are differences between the two genders. Although the two systems have sharp differences, they also share similarities. When we compare single-sex school and co-ed school, we can identify some similarities. In spite of the fact that these two types of schools separate student by gender, they both have the same educational program. Both types of schools use same books, literature and syllabus. Also, the goals of both schools are the same. They prepare students for future life; give them appropriate knowledge that will help to survive and thrive in our world, but in single-sex school it difficult to be prepared for real life because they do not have natural training of behavior with opposite gender. Moreover, both schools do not give them just knowledge, but also pay attention to the physical activities. For example, pupils attend different competitions, like football, basketball, volleyball etc. In addition, students participate in public affairs, like movements against drugs, participation in aid for children’s home or helping to greybeards. There are many differences between single-sex school and co-ed school. For instance, differences in behavior of girls and boys have been observed and commented for generations, but history records that until social expectations of girls were very different of boys, especially regarding education (Zanders, 1993, p. 16). The learning style and interests of girls and boys have been consistently different, because girls acquire a learning method involving personal relationships and imitation, but boys are learning through defining goal, restructuring the field, and applying abstract principles. Alternatively, girls’ learning styles require more open-ended learning tasks, they are both more reflective and empathetic and engage with tasks that are related to real situations, whereas boys show a preference for memorizing rules and abstract facts and express their comprehension factually (Zanders, 1993, p. 17). Single-sex schools are relying on more ancient perspectives on education, which are oriented to separate boys and girls. Co-ed schools are more modern and represent the current environment of the workplace, where boys and girls study together. According to many articles and researches single-sex school students say that they are studying better than in co-ed and this is because they are in the class of their gender. For example, in Kazakhstan, students from Kazakh-Turkish lyceum won a lot of awards in exact sciences like mathematics, chemistry and physics and all foreign language and they gave the highest results in their knowledge. Co-ed education schools trains students for their future lives, how to communicate and behave in real world. This education breaks all the boarders between genders and helps them to build a good, strong relationships. Moreover, students in single-sex school may lose some social skills that students in a co-ed school may gain. It happens because students in single-sex school are limited from communication with opposite sex. Another important thing that influences education is relationships with opposite sex. In co-ed schools, students sometimes cannot realize their abilities in subjects like mathematics, chemistry and physics. In co-ed school, there exist teenagers’ sex and unwanted pregnancy at a very young age. This is because they always focus some or all their attention on opposite sex. However, in single-sex schools it is not a problem, because nothing of this sort exists. Finally, I want to conclude that both of schools have advantages and disadvantages. In co-ed school, it will be easy to gain your social skills, but student can lose some points in education. In single-sex school student can focus attention only on education, but will not properly prepared for social life. There is a trade off between academic knowledge acquisition and social functional ability development. The knowledge student gain does not depend on the type of school. The factors that influence their education are student character, environment and his or her abilities. Parents should decide themselves where their child will learn, but it should guarantee that the choice represents the children’s own feelings. They should like the type of school they are going to. But some parents sex for their children prefer to choose single-sex schools in order to minimize their contact with the opposite, but it is important to understand that choosing for child all-female or all-male school will not stop them from searching for the opposite sex. If parents minimize contact when child is in school, but they cannot stop children meeting others through tuitions, extra classes, the neighborhood, or through friends. If their child meets someone with whom she or he shares home assignment or some exercises, and if she or he makes the decision to get physical with such person, theres little a parent can do. But on the other hand, when parents choose for their child a co-educational school, their child will have contact with opposite sex from the beginning. As a result, child will not only feel more comfortable in the company of the opposite sex, but will also be able to handle advances better. When parents making the decision of sending their child to a single-sex or a co-educational school, their decision should not be based on whether they want to minimize or increase childs contact with the opposite sex. Instead, they must consider the reputation of the school, the activities it offers and the quality of education and educators. For example, some schools offer sending students abroad for further studies. So, parents may consider this point if they want their child to go abroad. Because there is other less traditional schools that focus more on activities and less on academics. If this is something that appeals to them, then give this fact more priority than the student mix. In fact, when deciding what school to choose for child, parent’s choice should fall on the co-educational school because it will give huge experience and will train their child for future life.

Identifying Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters

Identifying Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters We estimate population parameters, such as the mean, based on the sample statistics. It is difficult to get a precise value or point estimation of these figures. A more practical and informative approach is to find a range of values in which we expect the population parameters will fall. Such a range of values is called a confidence interval. 1. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL Definition The confidence interval is a range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. The specified probability is called the level of confidence. The shape of the probability distribution of the sample mean allows us to specify an interval of specific probability that the population mean,  µ, will fall into. 1.1 Large Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Known Case 1: The standard deviation à Ã†â€™ is known; or It is a large sample (i.e. at least 30 observations). The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample means is approximately normal. We can use the tables in the Appendix to find the appropriate Z value. Key Points The standard normal distribution allows us to draw the following conclusions: 68% of the sample means will be within 1 standard deviations of the population mean,  µ. 95% of the sample means will be within 1.96 standard deviations of the population mean,  µ. 99% of the sample means will lie within 2.58 standard deviations of the population mean. These intervals are called the confidence interval. The standard deviation above (i.e. the standard error) is referring to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. Locating 0.475 in the body of the table, read the corresponding row and column values, the value is 1.96. Thus, the probability of finding a Z value between 0 and 1.96 is 0.475. Likewise, the probability of being in the interval between -1.96 and 0 is also 0.475. When we combine these two, the probability of being in the interval of -1.96 to 1.96 is therefore 0.95. 1.1.1 How do you compute a 95% confidence interval? Assume our research involves the annual starting salary of business graduates in a local university. The sample mean is $39,000, while the standard deviation of the sample mean is $250. Assume our sample contains more than 30 observations. The 95% confidence interval is between $38,510 and $39,490. Found by $39,000 +/- 1.96($250) In most situations, the population standard deviation is not available, so we estimate it as follows: (Standard Error) Conclusions: 95% confidence interval 99% confidence interval Confidence interval for the population mean (n > 30) Z depends on confidence level Example 1 The Hong Kong Tourist Association wishes to have information on the mean annual income of tour guides. A random sample of 150 tour guides reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this sample is $2,050. The association would like answers to the following questions: (a) What is the population mean? The best estimate of the unknown population value is the corresponding sample statistic. The sample mean of $45,420 is a point estimate of the unknown population mean. (b) What is a reasonable range of values for population mean? The Association decides to use the 95% level of confidence. To determine the corresponding confidence interval, we use the formula: The endpoints would be $45,169 and $45,671 and they are called confidence limits. We could expect about 95% of these confidence intervals contain the population mean. About 5% of the intervals would not contain the population mean annual income, i.e. the  µ. Figure 2 Probability distribution of population mean 1.2 Small Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Unknown Case 2: The sample is small (i.e. less than 30 observations) or, the population standard deviation is not known. The correct statistical procedure is to replace the standard normal distribution with the t distribution. The t distribution is a continuous distribution with many similarities to the standard normal distribution. 1.2.1 Standard normal distribution versus t distribution Figure 3 Z distribution versus t distribution The t distribution is flatter and more spread out than the standard normal distribution. The standard deviation of the t distribution is larger than the normal distribution. Confidence interval for a sample with unknown population mean, à Ã†â€™. The confidence interval is Assume the sample is from a normal population. Estimate the population standard deviation (à Ã†â€™) with the sample standard deviation (s). Use t distribution rather than the Z distribution. Example 2 A shoe maker wants to investigate the useful life of his products. A sample of 10 pairs of shoes that had been walked for 50,000 km showed a sample mean of 0.32 inch of sole remaining with a standard deviation of 0.09 cm. Constructing a 95% confidence interval for the population mean, would it be reasonable for the manufacturer to conclude that after 50,000 km the population mean amount of sole remaining is 0.3 cm? Assume the population distribution is normal. The sample standard deviation is 0.09 cm. There are only 10 observations and hence, we use t distribution Estimation: = 0.32, s = 0.09, and n = 10. Step 1: Locate t by moving across the row for the level of confidence required (i.e. 95%). Step 2: The column on the left margin is identified as df. This refers to the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degree of freedom is the number of observations in the sample minus the number of samples, written n-1.(i.e. 10-1=9). Step 3: Confidence Interval = The endpoints of the confidence interval are 0.256 and 0.384. Step 4: Interpretation the manufacturer can be reasonably sure (95% confident) that the mean remaining tread depth is between 0.256 and 0.384 cm. Because 0.3 is in this interval, it is possible that the mean of the population is 0.3. 2. CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE The necessary sample size depends on three factors: Level of confidence wanted: To increase level of confidence, increase n. Margin of error the researcher will tolerate: To reduce allowable error, increase n. Variability in the population being studied: For a more widely dispersed sample, increase n. We can express the interaction among these three factors and the sample size in the following formula: Sample size for estimating the population mean, Note: n: Sample size Z: Standard normal value S: Estimate of population standard deviation E: Maximum allowable error Example 3 An accounting student wants to know the mean amount that independent directors of small companies earn per month as remuneration for being a director. The error in estimating the mean is to be less than $100 with a 95% level of confidence. The student found a report by the government that estimated the standard deviation to be $1000. What is the required sample size? Maximum allowable error, E, is $100. Value of Z for a 95% level of confidence is 1.96, and the estimate of the standard deviation is $1000. Substitute into , we get n = [ (1.96) (1000) ] 2 = 19.62 = 384.16 100 The sample of 385 is required to meet the requirements. If the students want to increase the level of confidence, e.g. 99%, this requires a larger sample. Z = 2.58, so n = [ (2.58) (1000) ] 2 = 25.82 = 665.64 100 Sample = 666 3. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Definitions Hypothesis is a statement about a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing. Hypothesis testing is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement. In statistical analysis, we always make a claim about the population parameters, i.e. a hypothesis. We collect data and then use the data to test the assertion. 4.1 Five-Step Procedure For Testing A Hypothesis Figure 4 How to test a hypothesis 4.1.1 Step 1: State null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) The first step is to state the hypothesis being tested. It is called the null hypothesis. We either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Failing to reject the null hypothesis does not prove that H0 is true. The null hypothesis is a statement that is not rejected unless our sample data provide convincing evidence that it is false. The alternative hypothesis is a statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false. Example 4 A journal has disclosed that the mean age of commercial helicopters is 15 years. A statistical test of this statement would first need to determine the null and the alternate hypotheses. The null hypothesis represents the current or reported condition. It is written H0:  µ = 15. The alternate hypothesis is that the statement is not true, i.e. H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   15. 4.1.2 Step 2: Select a level of significance The level of significance is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. A decision is made to use the 5% level, 1% level, 10% level or any other level between 0 and 1. We must decide on the level of significance before formulating a decision rule and collecting sample data. Type I error: Rejecting the null hypothesis, H0, when it is true. Type II error: Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false. Example 5 Suppose AA Watch Ltd has informed bracelet suppliers to bid for contract on the supply of a large amount of bracelets. Suppliers with the lowest bid will be awarded a sizable contract. Suppose the contract specifies that the watch producers quality-assurance department will take samples of the shipment. H0: The shipment of bracelet contains 6% or less substandard bracelets. H1: More than 6% of the boards are defective. A sample of 50 bracelets received August 2 from BB Metals Ltd revealed that four bracelets, or 8%, were substandard. The shipment was rejected because it exceeded the maximum of 6% substandard bracelets. If the shipment was actually substandard, the decision to return the bracelets to the supplier was correct. However, suppose the four substandard bracelets selected in the sample of 50 were the only substandard bracelets in the shipment of 4,000 bracelets. Then only 1/10 of 1% were defective (4/4000 = 0.001). In that case, less than 6% of the entire shipment was substandard and rejecting the shipment was an error. We may have rejected the null hypothesis that the shipment was not substandard when we should have accepted the null hypothesis. By rejecting a true null hypothesis, we committed a Type I error. AA Watch Ltd would commit a Type II error if, unknown to the company an incoming shipment of bracelet from BB Metals Ltd contained 15% substandard bracelets, yet the shipment was accepted. How could this happen? Suppose two out of the 50 bracelets in the sample (4%) tested were substandard, and 48 out of the 50 were good bracelets. As the sample contained less than 6% substandard bracelets, the shipment was accepted but it could be purely by chance that the 48 good bracelets selected in the sample were the only acceptable ones in the entire shipment. In conclusion: Null Hypothesis Accepts H0 Rejects H0 H0 is true Correct decision Type I error H0 is false Type II error Correct decision 4.1.3 Step 3: Select the test statistics There are many test statistics. In this chapter, we use both Z and t as the test statistic. Definition A test statistic is a value, determined from sample information, used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. In hypothesis testing for the mean ( µ) when à Ã†â€™ is known or the sample size is large, the test statistic Z is computed by: The Z value is based on the sampling distribution of , which follows the normal distribution when the sample is reasonably large with a mean () equal to  µ, and a standard deviation , which is equal to . We can thus determine whether the difference between and  µ is statistically significant by finding the number of standard deviations is from  µ, using the formula above. 4.1.4 Step 4: Formulate the decision rule Definition A decision rule is a statement of the specific conditions under which the null hypothesis is rejected and the conditions under which it is not rejected. The region or area of rejection defines the location of all those values that are so large or so small that the probability of their occurrence under a true null hypothesis is rather remote. The area where the null hypothesis is not rejected is to the left of 1.65. The area of rejection is to the right of 1.65. A one-tailed test is being applied. The 0.05 level of significance was chosen. The sampling distribution of the statistic Z is normally distributed. The value 1.65 separates the regions where the null hypothesis is rejected and where it is not rejected. The value 1.65 is the critical value. The critical value is the dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not rejected. Figure 5 Area of rejection for the null hypothesis 4.1.5 Step 5: Make a decision The final step in hypothesis testing is computing the test statistic, comparing it to the critical value, and making a decision to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. Based on the information, Z is computed to be 2.34, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 level of significance. The decision to reject H0 was made because 2.34 lies in the region of rejection, i.e. beyond 1.65. We would reject the null hypothesis, reasoning that it is highly improbable that a computed Z value this large is due to sampling variation. Had the computed value been 1.65 or less, say 0.71, the null hypothesis would not be rejected. It would be reasoned that such a small computed value could be attributed to chance. Example 6 A large car leasing company wants to buy tires that average about 60,000 km of wear under normal usage. The company will, therefore, reject a shipment of tires if tests reveal that the life of the tires is significantly below 60,000 km on the average. The company would be glad to accept a shipment if the mean life is greater than 60,000 km. However, it is more concerned that it will have sample evidence to conclude that the tires will average less than 60,000 km of useful life. Thus, the test is set up to satisfy the concern of the car leasers that the mean life of the tires is less than 60,000 km. The null and alternate hypotheses in this case are written H0:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 60,000 and H1:  µ In this problem, the rejection region is pointing to the left, and is therefore in the left tail. Summary: If H1 states a direction, we use a one-tailed test. If no direction is specified in the alternate hypothesis, we use a two-tailed test. Figure 6 One-tailed test 5. TESTING FOR POPULATION MEAN WITH KNOWN POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION 5.1 Two-tailed Test ABC Watch Ltd manufactures luxury watches at several plants in Europe. The weekly output of the Model A33 watch at the Swiss Plant is normally distributed, with a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 16. Recently, because of market expansion, mechanisation has been introduced and employees laid off. The CEO would like to investigate whether there has been a change in the weekly production of the Model A33 watch. To put it another way, is the mean output at Swiss Plant different from 200 at the 0.01 significant levels? 5.1.1 Step 1: State null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis The null hypothesis is The population mean is 200. H0:  µ = 200. The alternate hypothesis is The mean is different from 200. H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   200. 5.1.2 Step 2: Select the level of significance The 0.01 level of significance is used. This is ÃŽÂ ±, the probability of committing a Type I error, and it is the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. 5.1.3 Step 3: Select the test statistic The test statistic for the mean of a large sample is Z. Figure 7 Normalise the standard deviation 5.1.4 Step 4: Formulate the decision rule The decision rule is formulated by finding the critical values of Z from Appendix D. Since this is a two-tailed test, half of 0.01, or 0.005, is placed in each tail. The area where H0 is not rejected, i.e. area between the two tails, is 0.99. Appendix D is based on half of the area under the curve, or 0.5. Then 0.5 0.005 is 0.495, so 0.495 is the area between 0 and the critical value. The value nearest to 0.495 is 0.4951. Then read the critical value in the row and column corresponding to 0.4951. It is 2.58. Decision rule: Reject H0 if the computed Z value is not between -2.58 and +2.58. Do not reject H0 if Z falls between -2.58 and +2.58. Figure 8 Two-tailed test 5.1.5 Make a decision and interpret the result Compute Z and apply the decision rule to decide whether to reject H0. The mean number of watches produced weekly for last year is 203.5. The standard deviation of the population is 16 watches. Because 1.55 does not fall in the rejection region, H0 is not rejected. We conclude that the population mean is not different from 200. So we would report to the CEO that the sample evidence does not show that the production rate at the Swiss plant has changed from 200 per week. The difference of 3.5 units between the historical weekly production rate and the mean number of watches produced weekly for last year can reasonably be attributed to sampling error. Figure 9 Rejection regions for the two-tailed test So did we prove that production rate is still 200 per week? No! Failing to disprove the hypothesis that the population mean is 200 is not the same thing as proving it to be true. 5.2 P-value In Hypothesis Testing Definition P-value is the probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. How confident are we in rejecting the null hypothesis? This approach reports the probability of getting a value of the test statistic at least as extreme as the value actually obtained. This process compares the probability called the P-value, with the significant level. If the P-value If the P-value > significant level, H0 is not rejected. A very small P-value, such as 0.0001, indicates that there is little likelihood the H0 is true. If a P-value of 0.2033 means that H0 is not rejected, there is little likelihood that it is false. Figure 10 P-value P-value Interpretation Less than 0.1 Some evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.05 Strong evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.01 Very strong evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.001 Extremely strong evidence that H0 is not true The probability of finding a Z value of 1.55 or more is 0.0606, found by 0.5 0.4394. The probability of obtaining an greater than 203.5 if  µ = 200 is 0.0606. To compute the P-value, we need to be concerned with the region less than -1.55 as well as the values greater than 1.55. The two-tailed P-value is 0.1212, found by 2(0.0606). The P-value of 0.1212 is greater than the significance level of 0.01, so H0 is not rejected. Chapter Review The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample means is approximately normal. The standard error refers to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. We use t distribution when the sample is less than 30 observations and the population standard deviation is not known. The necessary sample size depends on 1) level of confidence wanted ; 2) margin of error the researcher will tolerate; 3)variability in the population.   By rejecting a true null hypothesis, we committed a Type I error. We would reject the null hypothesis when it is highly improbable that a computed Z value this large is due to sampling variation. What You Need To Know Confidence interval: A range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. Hypothesis: A statement about a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing. Hypothesis testing: A procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement. Critical value: The dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not rejected. P-value: The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. Work Them Out 1. The average number of days in outdoors assignments per year for salespeople employed by an electronic wholesaler needs to be estimated with a 0.90 degree of confidence. In a small sample, the mean was 150 days and the standard deviation was 14 days. If the population mean is estimated within two days, how many salespeople should be interviewed? A 134 B 152 C 111 D 120 2. A random sample of 85 staff of managerial grade revealed that a person spent an average of 6.5 years on the job before being promoted. The standard deviation of the sample was 1.7 years. Using the 0.95 degree of confidence, what is the confidence interval for the population mean? A 6.19 and 6.99 B 6.15 and 7.15 C 6.14 and 6.86 D 6.19 and 7.19 3. The mean weight of lorries travelling on a particular highway is not known. A state highway authority needs an estimate of the mean. A random sample of 49 lorries was selected and finds the mean is 15.8 tons, with a standard deviation of 3.8 tons. What is the 95 per cent interval for the population mean? A 14.7 and 16.9 B 14.2 and 16.6 C 14.0 and 18.0 D 16.1 and 18.1 4. A bank wants to estimate the mean balances owed by platinum Visa card holders. The population standard deviation is estimated to be $300. If a 98% confidence interval is used and an interval of $75 is desired, how many platinum cardholders should be taken into sample? A 84 B 82 C 62 D 87 5. A sample of 20 is selected from the population. To determine the appropriate critical t-value, what number of degrees of freedom should be used? A 20 B 19 C 23 D 27 6. If the null hypothesis that two means are equal is true, where will 97% of the computed z-values lie between? A  ± 2.58 B  ± 2.38 C  ± 2.17 D  ± 1.68 7. Suppose we are testing the difference between two proportions at the 0.05 level of significance. If the computed z is -1.57, what is our decision? A Reject the null hypothesis B Do not reject the null hypothesis C Review the sample D Own judgment 8. The net weights of a sample of bottles filled by a machine manufactured by Dame, and the net weights of a sample filled by a similar machine manufactured by Putne Inc, are (in grams): Dame: 5, 8, 7, 6, 9 and 7 Putne: 8, 10, 7, 11, 9, 12, 14 and 9 Testing the claim at the 0.05 level that the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Putne machine is greater than the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Dame machine, what is the critical value? A 2.215 B 2.175 C 1.782 D 1.682 9. Which of the following conditions must be met to conduct a test for the difference in two sample means? A Data must be of interval scale B Normal distribution for the two populations C Same variances in the two populations D All the above are correct 10. Take two independent samples from two populations in order to determine if a statistical difference on the mean exists. The number for the first sample and the number in the second sample are 15 and 12 respectively. What is the degree of freedom associated with the critical value? A 24 B 25 C 26 D 27 SHORT QUESTIONS A consumer group would like to estimate the mean monthly water charge for a single family house in June within $5 using a 99% level of confidence. Similar research has found that the standard deviation is estimated to be $25.00. What would be the sample size? The manager of the Kingsway Mall wants to estimate the mean amount spent per shopping visit by customers. A sample of 20 customers reveals the following amounts spent. $48 $42 $46 $51 $23 $41 $54 $37 $52 $48 $50 $46 $61 $61 $49 $61 $51 $52 $58 $43 What is the best estimate of the population mean? Determine a 99 per cent confidence interval. Interpret the result. Would it be reasonable to conclude that the population mean is $50? What about $60? ESSAY QUESTION 1. ABC Film Ltd knows that a certain favourite movie ran an average of 84 days, and the corresponding standard deviation was 10 days. The manager of New Westminster district was interested in comparing the movies popularity in his region with that in all of Canadas other theatres. He randomly selected 70 theatres in his region and found that they showed the movie for an average of 82 days. (a) State appropriate hypotheses for testing whether there was a significant difference in the length of the pictures run between theatres in the New Westminster district and all of Canadas other theatres. (b) Test these hypotheses at a 1% significance level.

A Feminist Analysis of Othello Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critic

A Feminist Analysis of Othello  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello there are numerous instances of obvious sexism aimed at the three women in the drama -- Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca – and aimed at womankind generally. Let us delve into this subject in this paper. In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman discusses a scene which occurs late in the play and which is sexist: When Othello summons Desdemona and dismisses Emilia, â€Å"Leave procreants alone . . .; / Cough or cry hem if anybody come. / Your mystery, your mystery! . . .† (IV.2.28-30), he not only dismisses Emilia, accuses Desdemona of infidelity, and betrays his own insane bitterness, but he converts the marriage into a brothel arrangement in which all three are involved, and by so doing establishes imaginative lines of connection with the role of Bianca and particularly with the Iago philosophy of sexual conduct. (331) In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his hatred for the general Othello for his having chosen Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially avenge himself (â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him†), with Roderigo’s assistance, by alerting Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughter’s elopement with Othello: â€Å"Call up her father, / Rouse him: make after him, poison his delight [. . .].† Implied in this move is the fact of a father’s assumed control over the daughter’s choice of a marriage partner. Brabantio’s admonition to Roderigo implicitly expresses the same message: The worser welcome:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In honest plainness thou hast heard me say   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My daughter is not for thee [. . .]... ... Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.